The Branched Timeline Mathematical Dictionary

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This page is a dictionary for Mathematical Terms where the meanings that will be given are verified and up to date. Words written will not be in any particular order so people who want to find a particular word meaning may do Ctrl-F and find whereas people who wish to build up their mathematical vocabulary can just read it. If you don't find a word whose meaning you want to know then please leave the word in the comment section. Few words will be added everyday.

The sources of Scientific Dictionary will be from various leading scientists, scientific organisations and articles.

Word-Meaning

1. ASA Theorem - Two triangles are congruent if two angles and an included side of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles and the corresponding side of other.
2. Arithmetic Progression (AP) - A sequence of numbers in which each differs from the preceding by a constant quantity.
3. Absolute Value - The value which refers to the distance of a number from the origin of a number line is called absolute value. It is represented as |a|, which defines the magnitude of any integer ‘a’. The absolute value of any integer, whether positive or negative, will be the real numbers, regardless of which sign it has.  It is represented by two vertical lines |a|, which are known as the modulus of a.
4. Adjacent Angles -  Two angles are adjacent if they have a common side and a common vertex (corner point) and don't overlap.
5. Alternate Angles - Two angles, not adjoining one another, that are formed on opposite sides of a line that intersects two other lines. If the original two lines are parallel, the alternate angles are equal.
6. AM-GM Inequality - The AM–GM inequality, or inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, states that the arithmetic means of a list of non-negative real numbers is greater than or equal to the geometric mean of the same list.
7. Angle of Depression - The angle of depression is formed when the observer is higher than the object he/she is looking at. When an observer looks at an object that is situated at a distance lower than the observer, an angle is formed below the horizontal line drawn with the level of the eye of the observer and line joining object with the observer’s eye.
8. Angle of Elevation - It is defined as an angle between the horizontal plane and oblique line from the observer’s eye to some object above his eye. Eventually, this angle is formed above the surface. As the name itself suggests, the angle of elevation is so formed that it is above the observer’s eye.
9. Argand Diagram - A diagram on which complex numbers are represented geometrically using Cartesian axes, the horizontal coordinate representing the real part of the number and the vertical coordinate the complex part.
10. Arithmetic Mean - In statistics, the Arithmetic Mean (AM) or called average is the ratio of the sum of all observations to the total number of observations. The arithmetic mean can also inform or model concepts outside of statistics. In a physical sense, the arithmetic mean can be thought of as a centre of gravity. From the mean of a data set, we can think of the average distance the data points are from the mean as standard deviation. The square of standard deviation (i.e. variance) is analogous to the moment of inertia in the physical model.
11. Analytical Geometry - In classical mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system.
12. Apollonius's Theorem - This theorem states that the sum of squares of any of the two sides of a triangle equals to twice its square on half of the third side, along with the twice of its square on the median bisecting the third side.
13. Argument of a Complex number - In mathematics (particularly in complex analysis), the argument of a complex number z, denoted arg(z), is the angle between the positive real axis and the line joining the origin and z, represented as a point in the complex plane, shown as φ.
14. Aryabhatta - First of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian Mathematics and Indian Astronomy. First mathematician to give accurate approximation of pi and was also the first person to mention that pi was irrational. Authored 3 astronomical texts. First to find radius of Earth with 1% error and also find volume of Earth. He believed in geocentric model of universe. First Indian astronomer to explain that the rotation of the Earth causes the apparent daily motions of immovable stars. 
15. Augmented Matrix - An augmented matrix for a system of equations is a matrix of numbers in which each row represents the constants from one equation (both the coefficients and the constant on the other side of the equal sign) and each column represents all the coefficients for a single variable.
16. Bhaskara - He was a 7th-century mathematician and astronomer, who was the first to write numbers in the Hindu decimal system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's work.
17. Bijective - A function is said to be bijective or bijection, if a function f: A → B satisfies both the injective (one-to-one function) and surjective function (onto function) properties. It means that every element “b” in the codomain B, there is exactly one element “a” in the domain A. such that f(a) = b. If the function satisfies this condition, then it is known as one-to-one correspondence. 
18. Binomial Theorem - The Binomial Theorem is the method of expanding an expression that has been raised to any finite power. A binomial Theorem is a powerful tool of expansion, which has application in Algebra, probability, etc.
19. Binomial Coefficients - They are the positive integers that occur as coefficients in the binomial theorem.
20. Brahmagupta - He is an Indian mathematician and astronomer. First man to invent quadratic formula. First mathematician to have demystified the properties of number zero.  
21. Abacus - An early counting tool used for basic arithmetic.
22. Acute Angle - An angle whose measure is between 0° and 90° or with less than 90° radians.
23. Addend - A number involved in an addition problem; numbers being added are called addends.
24. Algebra - The branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers to solve for unknown values.
25. Algorithm - A procedure or set of steps used to solve a mathematical computation.
26. Angle - Two rays sharing the same endpoint (called the angle vertex).
27. Angle Bisector - The line dividing an angle into two equal angles.
28. Area - The two-dimensional space taken up by an object or shape, given in square units.
29. Array - A set of numbers or objects that follow a specific pattern.
30. Attribute - A characteristic or feature of an object—such as size, shape, color, etc.—that allows it to be grouped.
31. Box and Whisker Plot/Chart - A graphical representation of data that shows differences in distributions and plots data set ranges.
32. Calculus - The branch of mathematics involving derivatives and integrals, Calculus is the study of motion in which changing values are studied.
33. Capacity - The volume of substance that a container will hold.
34. Centimeter - A metric unit of measurement for length, abbreviated as cm. 2.5 cm is approximately equal to an inch.

35. Base - The bottom of a shape or three-dimensional object, what an object rests on.

36. BEDMAS (or PEMDAS) - An acronym used to help people remember the correct order of operations for solving algebraic equations. BEDMAS stands for "Brackets, Exponents, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction" and PEMDAS stands for "Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction".
37. Bell Curve - The bell shape created when a line is plotted using data points for an item that meets the criteria of normal distribution. The center of a bell curve contains the highest value points.

38. Binomial - A polynomial equation with two terms usually joined by a plus or minus sign.
39. Bar Graph - A graph that represents data visually using bars of different heights or lengths.
40. Base 10 - Number system that assigns place value to numbers.